The Use of Balloon‐Tipped Electrodes for Permanent Cardiac Pacing

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Abstract
A new balloon‐tipped ventricular endocardial electrode for permanent artificial cardiac pacing is described. Following transvenous insertion of [he electrode to the right ventricular apex, the distal balloon is inflated with contrast material in order to wedge the electrode tip between or beneath trabeculae and prevent displacement. Fifty‐nine electrodes were implanted, including a second generation type incorporating a wedge tip as well as the balloon. The incidence of displacement was 17% with 10% of coses being early, and 7% late. Early in (he series, 5U Urogrofin was used to inflate the balloon and this resulted in premature deflation and early electrode displacement in two of the nine patients. When the concentration of Urografin was reduced, the balloon remained inflated for a longer period and the incidence of early displacement was reduced to 8%. However, there was still a late displacement of 8%, Only one wedge‐tipped balloon electrode displaced. This electrode had a faulty sealing mechanism and the balloon could not be adequately inflated. There was a 3% incidence of early and a 3% incidence of late threshold problems with the electrode. However, none of the wedge‐tipped balloon electrodes exhibited this problem. It was concluded that this new electrode did not fulfill its objectives. The total electrode failure rate, including displacements and episodes of high threshold was approximately 24%.