NMR-sensitive fluorinated and fluorescent intracellular calcium ion indicators with high dissociation constants

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Abstract
A new series of high-dissociation constant (KD) Ca2+ indicators has been developed to reduce perturbations due to buffering of transients, to carry out measurements in cells and organelles with high basal Ca2+ concentrations, and to measure cytosolic Ca2+ levels in the presence of perturbations that may significantly increase these levels. A tetrafluorinated derivative of the chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid, 1,2-bis(2-amino-5,6-difluorophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (TF-BAPTA), has a KD of 65 microM and exhibits two fluorine nuclear magnetic resonances, one of which is insensitive to Ca2+ chelation and the second of which shifts by approximately 10 ppm upon Ca2+ binding. TF-BAPTA has pK values of approximately 5.0 and Mg2+ dissociation constants > 50 mM. At a field of 8.5 T, the Ca(2+)-sensitive resonance is in fast-intermediate exchange. Correction factors for the effects of intermediate exchange and for the effect of protonation (pK approximately 5.0) and Mg2+ complexation are discussed. An analogous approach has been used to synthesize 2-[2-(5-carboxyoxazole)]-5-[2-(2-bis(carboxymethyl) amino-5,6-difluorophenoxy)]ethoxy-6-bis(carboxymethyl)aminobenz ofuran (fura F), a structural analogue of fura 2, which exhibits fluorescence characteristics similar to those of fura 2, but has a KD of 20 microM.