The generalized endotoxic principle

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Abstract
Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins, LPS) belong to the most potent immunostimulators in mammals. The endotoxic principle of LPS is located in its lipid A moiety, which for Escherichia coli-type LPS consists of a hexaacylated diphosphoryl diglucosamine backbone. This lipid A adopts a cubic inverted aggregate structure from which a conical shape of the molecule can be deduced, whereas the tetraacyl lipid A precursor IVa adopts a cylindrical shape and is endotoxically inactive, but antagonizes active LPS. We hypothesize that non-lipid A amphiphiles with similar physicochemical properties of amphiphilicity, charge, and shape, might mimic the respective lipid A. To test this hypothesis, phospholipid-like amphiphiles with six acyl chains attached to a bisphosphorylated serine-like backbone of varying length replacing the diglucosamine backbone were synthesized. The compound with a short backbone fulfills all criteria of an endotoxic agonist, and that with longbackbone fulfills those of an antagonist. This holds true for the human as well as for the murine system. Interestingly, these compounds are inactive in the Limulus amebocyte lysate test which is specific for LPS diglucosamine backbone. These results define a general endotoxic principle and, furthermore, provide new insights into an understanding of early steps of endotoxin action.