The contribution of multiple mating and spermatophore consumption to the lifetime reproductive success of female field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus)

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Abstract
The adaptive significance of multiple mating by female Gryllus bimaculatus (De Geer) was investigated. Multiple mating prevented the depletion of sperm stores and, therefore, maintained high hatching success. This may not, however, explain the high frequency of remating in this species. Male‐derived egg stimulants known to be passed with sperm at mating increased the number of eggs produced only when females mated throughout their lifespans. Spermatophore consumption appeared to provide nutrients which, while they did not increase the quantity of eggs, increased egg quality as indicated by weight. Females who consumed spermatophores had a greater hatching success. While females may derive non‐genetic benefits from mating, these are apparently long‐term benefits; females must mate throughout their lives in order to accrue them. Since the benefits of mating may not be derived from individual males, the spermatophores and their contents in this species are best considered as mating effort.