New Solutions to Covariant Non-equilibrium Dynamics

Abstract
New solutions of 3+1D covariant kinetic theory are presented for nuclear collisions in the energy domain Ecm ~ 200 AGeV. They are obtained using MPC, a new Monte-Carlo parton transport technique that employs very high parton subdivision that is necessary to preserve covariance. The transport results are compared with ideal hydrodynamics solutions obtained employing Cooper-Frye isotherm freeze-out prescriptions. We show that the transport evolution differs significantly from hydrodynamics. In addition, the freeze-out four-volume is shown to be sensitive to the reaction rates and deviates from both time-like and space-like freeze-out 3D hypersurfaces commonly assumed. In particular, we find that there does not exist a universal freeze-out temperature. Finally, the transverse momentum distributions are found to deviate by up to an order of magnitude from (Cooper-Frye frozen) hydrodynamics for a wide range of possible initial conditions and reaction rates at RHIC energies.

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