Indium Microrod Tags for Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization

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Abstract
The preparation and advantages of indium microrod tracers for solid-state electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization are described. The cylindrical metal particles were prepared by a template-directed electrochemical synthetic route involving plating of indium into the pores of a host membrane. The linear relationship between the charge passed during the preparation and the resulting particle size allows tailoring of the sensitivity of the electrical DNA assay. The resulting micrometer-long rods thus offer a greatly lower detection limit (250 zmol), as compared to common bioassays' spherical nanoparticle tags. Indium offers a very attractive electrochemical stripping behavior and is not normally present in biological samples or reagents. Solid-state derivative-chronopotentiometric measurements of the indium tracer have been realized through a “magnetic” collection of the DNA-linked particle assembly onto a thick-film electrode transducer. Factors affecting the performance, including the preparation of the microrods and pretreatment of the transducer surface, were evaluated and optimized. The resulting protocol offers great promise for other affinity bioassays, as well as for electrical coding and identification (through the plating of different metal markers and of multimetal redox-encoded tags).