Possible Cytoplasmic as Well as Chromosomal Control of Sex in Haploid Males

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Abstract
An attempt to harmonize known facts concerning sex determination with the hypothesis that the cytoplasm exerts an independent tendency to $ somato- and gametogenesis. Setting A equal to the haploid set of autosomes, X and Y equal to sex heterosomes, and C equal to cytoplasm, the author''s ideas may be formulated as follows: In the honey bee AA > C (producing [female][female]) and AAA + C ([female][female]) and X + Y C and X or Y +A < C. But from these normal [male][male] and [female][female] both X and Y eggs and sperms are produced. Occasionally X eggs are fertilized by X sperms and Y eggs by Y sperms, giving exceptional [male][male] XX+AA<C and YY + AA<C. To account for these results it is further supposed that homozygous XX or YY have a lesser effect in determining [male][male] than the heterozygous XY. In support of this are cited East''s results with self-sterile tobaccos, where slow growth of pollen-tubes in styles of same genotype ordinarily prevents homozygosis.

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