An All-or-None Response in the Release of Potassium by Yeast Cells Treated with Methylene Blue and Other Basic Redox Dyes

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Abstract
Basic redox dyes, such as methylene blue, induce a loss of K+ from yeast cells. The maximal loss, rather than the rate of loss, is related to the dye concentration, the response following a normal distribution on a plot of log-dose, versus percentage loss of K+. This fact taken together with the observed correlation between K+ loss and frequency of staining (as measured by microscopic observation), indicates that the response is all-or-none for individual cells. The response is produced by all the basic redox dyes tested (9), but by none of the acidic dyes (4). However, only the oxidized form of the dye is effective. Cations protect the cells from the basic dyes in a competitive manner, the bivalent cations (especially UO2++) being more effective than monovalent cations. It is suggested that the action of the dyes involves two steps, the first a binding to ribonucleic acid in the cell membrane (with competition from cations) and the second, an oxidation of neighboring sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. At a threshold level, unique for each cell, a generalized membrane breakdown occurs, resulting in the release of potassium and of other cytoplasmic constituents.