Evidence for an electrogenic 3-deoxy-2-oxo-d-gluconate–proton co-transport driven by the protonmotive force in Escherichia coli K12

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Abstract
Evidence is presented indicating that the carrier-mediated uptake of 3-deoxy-2-oxo-D-gluconate and D-glucuronate in Escherichia coli K12 is driven by the deltapH and deltapsi components of the protonmotive force. 1. Approximately two protons enter the cells with each sugar molecule, independent of the sugar and the strain used. 2. In respiring cells, the magnitude of the pH gradient alone, as measured by distribution of [3H]acetate, appears to be insufficient to account for the chemical gradient of 3-deoxy-2-oxo-D-gluconate that is developed between pH 6.0 and 8.0. 3. If the external pH is varied between 5.5 and 8.0, 3-deoxy-2-oxo-D-gluconate uptake is gradually inhibited by valinomycin plus K+ ions, whereas the inhibition caused by nigericin is concomitantly relieved, thus reflecting the relative contribution of deltapH and deltapsi to the total protonmotive force at each external pH. 4. 3-Deoxy-2-oxo-D-gluconate can be transiently accumulated into isolated membrane vesicles in response to an artificially induced pH gradient. The process is stimulated when the membrane potential is collapsed by valinomycin in the presence of K+ ions.