X-ray diffraction studies of enkephalins. Crystal structure of [(4′-bromo) Phe4,Leu5]enkephalin

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Abstract
In order to investigate the structure-activity relationship of [Leu5]- and [Met5]enkephalins, [(4′-bromo)Phe4, Leu5]-, [(4′-bromo)Phe4, Met5]- and [Met5] enkephalins were synthesized and crystallized. The crystal structure of [(4′-bromo) Phe4, Leu5]- enkephalin was determined by X-ray diffraction method using the heavy atom method and refined to R = 0.092 by the least-squares method. The molecule in this crystal took essentially the same type I' beta-turn conformation found in [Leu5]enkephalin [Smith & Griffin (1978) Science 199, 1214-1216). On the other hand, the preliminary three-dimensional Patterson analyses showed that the most probable conformations of [(4′-bromo)Phe4,Met5]- and [Met5]enkephalins are both the dimeric extended forms. Based on these insights, the biologically active conformation of enkephalin was discussed in relation to the mu- and delta-receptors.