Reduction in the Modulus of Elasticity in Orthodontic Wires

Abstract
The modulus of elasticity of stainless steel orthodontic wires was found to be 20% below the normally assumed range of 19.3 to 20.0 X 104 MPa (28.0 to 29.0 × 106 psi). Use of the latter value can result in significant computational errors in orthodontic applicance mechanics. The lower modulus was attributed to severe cold drawing.