Studies on the distribution and characteristics of new mammalian selenium-containing proteins

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Abstract
It has now been established that the essential effects of selenium in mammals are owing to the presence of several biologically active selenium compounds. Seleno-enzymes identified so far include several glutathione peroxidases and the type 1 iodothyronine de-iodinase. Some other selenoproteins have been sequenced and characterized. After in vivo labelling of rats with 75Se and protein separation using gel electrophoretic methods, more than 25 selenium-containing proteins or protein sub-units were detected. Some of the results of the investigations on these compounds are summarized and discussed here. By determining the pattern in a large number of tissues information on the distribution of the selenium-containing proteins was obtained. Their biological significance is not yet known but several findings indicate that some of these proteins may have important functions, especially in the brain and the endocrine and reproductive organs. More detailed information is already available on a 34 kDa-protein found in the testis and spermatozoa. Studies on the effects of dosage and chemical form of dietary selenium indicated that the tissue levels of the seleno-enzymes are homeostatically controlled and cannot be increased by additional supply. The increase in the tissue selenium observed with high selenium intake was found to be mainly caused by the non-specific incorporation of the element into a large number of proteins. The formation of most of the other selenium-containing proteins has priority over that of the cytosolic and plasma glutathione peroxidases. Thus the selenium requirement, which was calculated for optimum plasma glutathione peroxidase activity, also covers the amounts needed for normal levels of the other biologically important selenium compounds.