Mechanism of α‐substitution reactions of acrylic derivatives

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Abstract
Reactions between acrylic esters, nitriles and similar compounds on the one hand and aldehydes and ketones on the other, catalysed by tertiary amines, lead to α‐(hydroxyalkyl)acrylic compounds. Evidence on the basis of kinetics, volumes of activation and of reaction, and kinetic isotope effects is presented to deduce a mechanism in which amine first undergoes Michael addition, the resulting enolate ion adds to the carbonyl compound in a rate‐determining step and finally base is eliminated. An analysis of the solvent effect on rates is also presented.