Nuclear and cytoskeletal translocation and localization of heterotrimeric G‐proteins

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Abstract
Heterotrimeric GTP‐binding proteins (G‐proteins) are involved in a diverse array of signalling pathways. They are generally thought to be membrane‐bound proteins, which disassociate on receptor activation and binding of GTP. A model to explain this has been proposed, which is often described as ‘the G‐protein cycle’. The ‘G‐protein cycle’ is discussed in the present paper in relation to evidence that now exists regarding the non‐ membranous localization of G‐proteins. Specifically, the experimental evidence demonstrating association of G‐proteins with the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, and the mechanisms by which G‐proteins translocate to these sites are reviewed. Furthermore, the possible effector pathways and the physiological function of G‐proteins at these sites are discussed.

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