A Vegetable/Fruit Concentrate with High Antioxidant Capacity Has No Effect on Biomarkers of Antioxidant Status in Male Smokers

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Abstract
The potential benefits of a high fruit and vegetable intake on the antioxidant status and on relevant biomarkers of oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA and on (functional) markers of oxidative stress were evaluated. A randomized, free living, open placebo-controlled cross-over trial of 3 wk, with a 2-wk washout period between treatments, was performed in a group of 22 male smokers with a relatively low vegetable and fruit intake using a vegetable burger and fruit drink. The vegetable burger and fruit drink increased serum levels of vitamin C, α-carotene, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin and plasma total antioxidant capacity. However, no effects were demonstrated on any marker of oxidative damage to lipids (malondialdehyde F2-isoprostane) proteins (carbonyls) and DNA (Comet assay) and (functional) markers of oxidative stress (reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, glutathione-S-transferase α, glutathione-S-transferase π and nuclear transcription factor-κB). Apparently, these increased levels of antioxidants in serum were not sufficiently high to show beneficial changes with the selected biomarkers. Alternatively, oxidative stress in male smokers with a relatively low fruit and vegetable intake might have been still too low to demonstrate a beneficial effect of antioxidants.

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