Sources of Asthenopia in Navy Flight Simulators

Abstract
Asthenopia was defined and the oculomotor systems responsible for eye strain were identified. The oculomotor systems functional during flight simulator training also were described and the conditions under which Navy flight simulators could produce asthenopia were pointed out. Asthenopic symptoms are closely related to those of simulator sickness. In order to lower the incidence of asthenopic symptoms the verification of the proper calibration of virtual-image optics by application of computerized ray-trace analysis was recommended along with additional research efforts. Keywords: Asthenopia; Eye strain; Headache; Nausea; Oculomotor systems; Flight simulators; Retinal slip signal; Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN); Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR); Pursuit suppression of VOR and OKN; Accommodation; Vergence; Dark focus; Dark vergence; Heterophoria; Individual differences; Visual acuity; Fatigue physiology.

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