Hydrogeology of brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) spawning and incubation habitats: implications for forestry and land use development

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Abstract
We demonstrated that nearshore spawning and incubation habitats of brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) are manifestations of lenses of coarse overburden materials underlying the nearshore zone. Lenses directed and accelerated groundwater flow into the habitats. They were 1 m thick, and could be restricted to the nearshore zone or extend at least 20 m into the terrestrial catchment. Recharge areas necessary to sustain discharge in the habitats were estimated to encompass 3–10 ha, or 1–97%, of the associated terrestrial catchment. A 90-m buffer zone adjacent to the shoreline protected only 9–55% of the required recharge area. A hydrological approach to defining habitat protection measures is suggested.

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