Biology of Graminella nigrifrons (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), a Vector of Corn (Maize) Stunt Virus1

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Abstract
Under experimental conditions, the length of time from oviposition to adult emergence for the black-faced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes), is 30–37 days. Different specimens may have 4, 5, or 6 nymphal instars, but 5 is usual. Adults live about 30 days, with the females producing 10–23 eggs during this time. The species bred freely on several small grains, grasses, sorghums, and maize. The studies confirm field observations that there are at least 2 overlapping broods of the insect annually. Literature covering nomenclature, host plants, and distribution of the insect is reviewed. The synonomy of the species is given. Detailed data of the stadia of the life cycle, fecundity, and experimental plant host range are presented. Field biology is discussed and the various developmental forms are figured.

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