An associated group of cranial fragments and upper teeth of Apidium phiomense from the Oligocene of Egypt includes two fragments of the right temporal bone. The petrosal fragment preserves part of a large unbranched carotid canal similar to that of all Anthropoidea. The squamosal fragment demonstrates that there was no ossified ectotympanic lateral to the bulla, and that the anterior crus of the tympanic annulus was not fused to the squamosal. This suggests the presence in Apidium of a free tympanic ring within the bulla similar to that of Eocene lemuroid primates. Osteological and paleontological evidence favors the view that Anthropoidea evolved directly from lemuroid ancestors, without passing through an intermediate tarsioid stage.