Topography and tectonics of Mid‐Oceanic Ridge axes

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Abstract
Numerical fluid dynamic models of mid‐oceanic ridge axes were constructed using distributions of material properties constrained by seismic studies and thermal calculations. The calculations indicate that spreading is passive except for forces caused by density differences due to thermal expansion and partial melt. Except for geometric differences due to temperature distribution, one set of mechanical properties can adequately explain central rifts of slow ridges and central peaks of fast ridges. Viscous head loss in the upwelling material dominates at low spreading rates where material ascends through a narrow conduit. Thermal expansion and partial melting dominate at high spreading rates where a wide low viscosity crustal magma chamber is present. The preferred rheology is 1020 poise for the upwelling lithosphere; less than 5×1017 for the crustal magma chamber and axial intrusion zone at fast ridges, and a yield stress of 200 bars for the lithosphere. The calculation correctly predicts the existence of central peaks at ‘hot‐spot’ ridges, where seismic evidence indicates a large magma chamber.The appendix is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Flordia Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. Document J79‐003; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.