Urinary extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Equipment, techniques, and overview

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Abstract
Second generation urinary lithotriptors are characterized by extensive technical alterations and significant equipment improvement in the functional, logistical, and medical aspects of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL). These newer devices feature a water bath-free environment, a reduced anesthesia requirement, improved imaging, functional uses in addition to lithotripsy, or combinations thereof. Shock wave generation by spark gap, electromagnetic, piezoelectric and microexplosive techniques are related to their peak energy, frequency, and total energy capabilities which impacts on both anesthesia needs and the length and number of treatment sessions required to pulverize calculi. A master table summarizes the types of SW energy, coupling, imaging systems, patient transport, functional features, cost, and treatment effectiveness of 12 worldwide lithotriptors in various stages of investigative and clinical trials as monitored by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of America.