Simultaneous modeling of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of benzodiazepines I: Lorazepam

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Abstract
This investigation compares the time course changes in the central nervous system (CNS) impairment effects on psychomotor and cognitive skills and relates these changes to the plasma lorazepam concentrations in a pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model. Six male subjects received a single oral dose of lorazepam or placebo. The CNS effects were measured by using computerized continuous tracking (TRKN), body sway with eyes open (SWAY OPEN), and digit symbol substitution (DSS) tests. Plasma lorazepam concentrations were best characterized by a two-compartment model with first-order absorption. Plotting the plasma lorazepam concentration and measured effect across time revealed a counterclockwise hysteresis loop. Fitting the time course of the effects in an integrated PK-PD model required an effect compartment with the equilibrium rate constant between it and the plasma compartment. The magnitude of the temporal lag was quantified by the half-time of equilibration between concentration in the hypothetical effect compartment and the plasma lorazepam level (t1/2keo).The CNS effect measured by TRKN was characterized by a mean estimate of maximum predicted effect (E max )of 418 with a t1/2keo of 0.43 hr, an estimate of effect site drug level to produce 50%of E max (EC50)of 35.8 ng/ml and a power parameter (γ) of 6.29.Corresponding parameter mean estimates for SWAY OPEN and DSS as measures of drug CNS effect were quite similar.