Response Execution in Lexical Decision Tasks Obscures Sex-specific Lateralization Effects in Language Processing: Evidence from Event-related Potential Measures during Word Reading

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Abstract
A common hypothesis about sex differences in language processing attributes these differences to a bilateral contribution of language-related brain areas in females and a left-hemispheric dominated activation in males. However, most imaging studies failed to find such a generalized lateralization effect and reported a left-lateralized activation in both sexes instead. In a previous semantic priming study, we found a sustained (∼190–640 ms) bilateral positivity in the ERP waveforms, which was larger for the female group. Word reading and lexical decision were confounded in that study. In the present study we used a delayed response to separate semantic processing from response selection and execution. The modification of the task design, together with a dense sensor array, showed that females developed a bilateral sustaining posterior positivity/frontal negativity during reading/semantic processing. In contrast, males showed an attenuated positivity at left posterior sites and an attenuated negativity at right frontal sites. This sex-specific lateralization effect disappeared during response processing, evoking a bilaterally distributed activation for both sexes (frontal negative and posterior positive), which was larger for the female subjects. We conclude that, at least under specific conditions, language processing evokes a bilateral activation in females and a lateralization effect in males. However, the processing of the response, which is dominated by a ‘P300-like’ component evoked by this process, evokes a larger activation in both sexes which obscures the sex-specific lateralization effect when semantic processing and response processing are not separated.