Modulations in Cell-Mediated Immunity of Mytilus Edulis Following the ‘Sea Empress’ Oil Spill

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Abstract
The ‘Sea Empress’ oil tanker grounded outside Milford Haven (Wales, UK) in February 1996, spilling ~70,000 tonnes of crude oil and contaminating over 100 km of coastline, causing mass mortalities and standings of at least 11 mollusc species. Intensive field monitoring commenced after the spill, examining immunity and hydrocarbon levels in the mussel, Mytilus edulis (Mollusca: Bivalvia), a commercially-harvested species which can accumulate contaminants. Comparisons of mussels from oiled and reference sites revealed significant modulations in cell-mediated immunity. Elevations in blood cell (haemocyte) numbers and decreases in superoxide generation and phagocytosis were identified in contaminated animals. The immune response of contaminated mussels gradually improved and generally showed no significant differences compared with clean mussels after 11 weeks. By then, total hydrocarbon content in contaminated mussels had declined by 70–90%, while polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon content had decreased by over 90%.