Modulation of the lipid binding properties of the N‐terminal domain of human apolipoprotein E3

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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a critical role in plasma lipid homeostasis through its function as a ligand for the low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family. Receptor recognition is mediated by residues 130–150 in the independently folded, 22‐kDa N‐terminal (NT) domain. This elongated globular four‐helix bundle undergoes a conformational change upon interaction with an appropriate lipid surface. Unlike other apolipoproteins, apoE3 NT failed to fully protect human LDL from aggregation induced by treatment with phospholipase C. Likewise, in dimyristoylglycerophosphocholine (Myr2Gro‐PCho) vesicle transformation assays, 100 µg apoE3 NT induced only 15% reduction in vesicle (250 µg) light scattering intensity after 30 min. ApoE3 NT interaction with modified lipoprotein particles or Myr2Gro‐PCho vesicles was concentration‐dependent whereas the vesicle transformation reaction was unaffected by buffer ionic strength. In studies with the anionic phospholipid dimyristoylglycerophosphoglycerol, apoE3 NT‐mediated vesicle transformation rates were enhanced > 10‐fold compared with Myr2Gro‐PCho and activity decreased with increasing buffer ionic strength. Solution pH had a dramatic effect on the kinetics of apoE3 NT‐mediated Myr2Gro‐PCho vesicle transformation with increased rates observed as a function of decreasing pH. Fluorescence studies with a single tryptophan containing apoE3 NT mutant (L155W) revealed increased solvent exposure of the protein interior at pH values below 4.0. Similarly, fluorescent dye binding experiments with 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene sulfonate revealed increased exposure of apoE3 NT hydrophobic interior as a function of decreasing pH. These studies indicate that apoE3 NT lipid binding activity is modulated by lipid surface properties and protein tertiary structure.