BK and JC Viruses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Persons: Prevalence, Excretion, Viremia, and Viral Regulatory Regions

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Abstract
Human polyomavirus BK (BKV) and JC (JCV) infections were examined in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1). High frequencies of BKV(24%) and JCV viruria (16%) were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). BKVviruria was not found in an immunocompetent control group, in contrast to a frequency of JCV viruria of 20%. The degree of HIV-induced immunodeficiency did not influence the prevalence of BKV viruria, in contrast to cytomegalovirus viruria, suggesting BKV reactivation is an early manifestation in HIV infection as wellas a temporal sequence of opportunistic infections. BKVDNA but not JCV DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in 2 of 42 subjects by a sensitive nested PCR. Sequencing of viral noncoding control regions (NCCRs) revealed predominantly archetypal and TV type BKV NCCRs but only archetypal JCV NCCRs. A new, naturally occurring BKV NCCR variant was detected in I urine specimen and 2 PBMC samples, indicating a stable and biologically significant rearrangement. Serum levels of BKV antibodies do not seem to be diagnostically useful in HIV-infected persons.

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