Hybrid methods of analysis. Plenary lecture

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Abstract
Methods of separation and determination are usually combined and their combinations are diverse. The separation and determination stages are not often connected closely, but in a number of instances the properties of a separation product (concentrate) have a significant effect on the determination. Such a combination is not a simple sum of separation and determination techniques; sometimes virtually new methods arise. An example is the combination of solvent extraction and flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry (if the extract is introduced directly into the flame). There is a tendency to carry out the separation and determination in the same device (gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography). In gas chromatography a group of analytical methods was developed that were hybrids of separation and determination techniques. New methods of such a type have been developed in this and in other laboratories. These methods include a combination of solvent extraction pre-concentration and spark-source mass spectrometry. Trace elements from a sample are collected on high-purity alumina after separation of the matrix by solvent extraction; the alumina is then analysed by mass spectrometry. Copper oxide has been used as a collector for the determination of trace amounts of noble metals. Other hybrid methods have been suggested that are based on combinations of solvent extraction with polarography and spectrochemical analysis. Organic chelate-forming reagents, which are free radicals, have been used in a combination of separation and electron-spin resonance spectroscopy; this allows the latter technique to be made a universal analytical technique and the sensitivity to be increased. High-performance liquid chromatography can be used for inorganic analysis in combination with solvent extraction. Some new reagents have been proposed for the group pre-concentration of trace elements.

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