Increased transforming growth factor‐β, interleukin‐4, and interferon‐γ in multiple sclerosis

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Abstract
The inflammatory nature of multiple sclerosis (MS) implicates the participation of immunoregulatory cytokines, including the T‐helper type 1 (Th1) cell–associated interferon‐σ (IFN‐σ), the Th2 cell–related interleukin‐4 (IL‐4), and the immune response–downregulating cytokine transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), but proof for their involvement in MS has been lacking. By adopting in situ hybridization with complementary DNA oligonucleotide probes for human IFN‐ IL‐4, and TGF‐β, the expression of mRNA for these cytokines was detected in mononuclear cells (MNC) from blood and cerebrospinal fluids. Strongly elevated levels of MNC expressing all three cytokines were found in peripheral blood and at even higher frequencies in cerebrospinal fluid from untreated patients with MS and optic neuritis, i.e., a common first manifestation of MS, compared with patients with other neurological diseases and healthy subjects. In MS and optic neuritis, IL‐4 mRNA expressing cells predominated, followed by TGF‐β– and IFN‐σ–positive cells. Control patients with myasthenia gravis had similarly elevated levels of IFN‐σ and TGF‐β mRNA expressing blood MNC but lower numbers of IL‐4–positive cells. No or slight disability of MS was associated with high levels of TGF‐β mRNA expressing cells, while MS patients with moderate or severe disability had high levels of IFN‐σ–positive cells. IFN‐σ and TGF‐β may have opposing effects in MS, and treatments inhibiting IFN‐σ and/or promoting TGF‐β might ameliorate MS.