Prerequisites for the Enhancement of Formose Formation in the Presence of Hydroxy Oxo Compounds

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Abstract
The enhancement of formose formation in the presence of several hydroxy oxo compounds was examined in an aqueous Ca(OH)2 solution. Four terminal hydroxy oxo compounds, 2-hydroxyacetophenone, 1,3-dihydroxyacetone, DL-glyceraldehyde, and D-glucose, were confirmed to accelerate the reaction, but two internal hydroxy oxo compounds, 2-hydroxypropiophenone and acetoin, were found not to be effective. The acceleration efficiency was larger for a system in which hydroxy oxo compounds were introduced to an aqueous mixture of Ca(OH)2 and formaldehyde than for a system in which formaldehyde was introduced to an aqueous mixture of Ca(OH)2 and the hydroxy oxo compounds. The difference in the acceleration efficiencies between the two procedures of reagent introduction was large for 2-hydroxyacetophenone and 1,3-dihydroxyacetone. This is accounted for by the rapid conversions of the added hydroxy oxo compounds in an aqueous Ca(OH)2 solution.

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