Very intense exercise-training is extremely potent and time efficient: a reminder

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Abstract
Stimulation of the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to induce changes in arousal and postural/locomotor states by activation of such descending targets as the caudal pons and the medioventral medulla (MED). Previously, PPN stimulation was reported to induce prolonged responses (PRs) in intracellularly recorded caudal pontine neurons in vitro. The present study used intracellular recordings in semihorizontal slices from rat brain stem (postnatal days 12–21) to determine responses in MED neurons following PPN stimulation. One-half (40/81) of MED neurons showed PRs after PPN stimulation. MED neurons with PRs had shorter duration action potential, longer duration afterhyperpolarization, and higher amplitude afterhyperpolarization than non-PR MED neurons. PR MED neurons were significantly larger (568 ± 44 μm2) than non-PR MED neurons (387 ± 32 μm2). The longest mean duration PRs and maximal firing rates during PRs were induced by PPN stimulation at 60 Hz compared with 10, 30, or 90 Hz. The muscarinic cholinergic agonist carbachol induced depolarization in all PR neurons tested, and the muscarinic cholinergic antagonist scopolamine reduced or blocked carbachol- and PPN stimulation-induced PRs in all MED neurons tested. These findings suggest that PPN stimulation-induced PRs may be due to activation of muscarinic receptor-sensitive channels, allowing MED neurons to respond to a transient, frequency-dependent depolarization with long-lasting stable states. PPN stimulation appears to induce PRs in large MED neurons using parameters known best to induce locomotion.