First-Order Treatment of Higher-Order Boundary-Layer Effects

The effects of transverse curvature, shock‐generated external vorticity, boundary‐layer displacement, and wall slip and temperature jump are considered as first‐order boundary‐layer effects. The classical boundary‐layer equations were modified to include the higher‐order effects, and flows over a 9‐deg half‐angle blunt cone were considered at $M_{\infty }\text{\hspace{0.17em}=\hspace{0.17em}9}$ and 18. Comparisons are made with second‐order theory and experimental data. Primary interest is given to predicting the higher‐order effects on zero‐lift drag and comparsion with experimental data. Range of applicability of higher‐order boundary‐layer theory is indicated based upon the ability to predict zero‐lift drag. Vorticity was the dominant higher‐order effect, and the theory is most applicable to relatively short slender bodies. At very low Reynolds numbers, strong coupling of the higher‐order effects was found to exist.