Close correlation between β-catenin gene alterations and nuclear accumulation of the protein in human hepatocellular carcinomas

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Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that β-catenin acquires oncogenic activity when its intracellular concentration increases as a result of either mutation in the β-catenin gene itself or inactivation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. In an attempt to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatocellular carcinogenesis, we have studied the frequency of β-catenin gene alterations in exon 3, a region known to represent a mutation hot spot, and its inappropriate protein expression by immunohistochemistry in 73 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). The results were correlated with different clinical and pathological data, particularly with the presence or not of an associated cirrhosis. Fourteen (19%) HCCs showed β-catenin gene alterations with missense mutations in nine cases and interstitial deletions in five cases. These genetic alterations were present in both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic groups. By contrast, we did not find any β-catenin gene alterations in the nine fibromellar carcinomas we examined. Nuclear accumulation of the protein was observed in 18 of them (25%). Remarkably, these included ten of the 14 tumors harboring somatic mutations in the β-catenin gene (P<0.001). Our results indicate that accumulation of β-catenin resulting from genetic mutations is a frequent event in non-fibrolamellar type hepatocellular carcinoma. The close association between increased β-catenin protein stability and mutation indicates that immunohistochemistry may be a powerful method for the detection of the mutated protein in future clinical practice.