The Formants of Fricative Consonants

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Abstract
Spectral analysis of American English, Swedish and Polish fricatives shows that these sounds may be classified according to the relations between their formant frequencies and formant levels. Three binary distinctive features at the acoustic-phonetic (not necessarily phonemic) level are postulated: spread/compressed formants (F4–F2); higher/lower formants (F2+F3+F4); higher formant/lower formant emphasis (L4–L2 or L3–L2). A possibility of further classification according to the general shape of the spectral envelope is briefly reviewed.

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