Sound-Level-Dependent Representation of Frequency Modulations in Human Auditory Cortex: A Low-Noise fMRI Study

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Abstract
Recognition of sound patterns must be largely independent of level and of masking or jamming background sounds. Auditory patterns of relevance in numerous environmental sounds, species-specific vocalizations and speech are frequency modulations (FM). Level-dependent activation of the human auditory cortex (AC) in response to a large set of upward and downward FM tones was studied with low-noise (48 dB) functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla. Separate analysis in four territories of AC was performed in each individual brain using a combination of anatomical landmarks and spatial activation criteria for their distinction. Activation of territory T1b (including primary AC) showed the most robust level dependence over the large range of 48–102 dB in terms of activated volume and blood oxygen level dependent contrast (BOLD) signal intensity. The left nonprimary territory T2 also showed a good correlation of level with activated volume but, in contrast to T1b, not with BOLD signal intensity. These findings are compatible with level coding mechanisms observed in animal AC. A systematic increase of activation with level was not observed for T1a (anterior of Heschl's gyrus) and T3 (on the planum temporale). Thus these areas might not be specifically involved in processing of the overall intensity of FM. The rostral territory T1a of the left hemisphere exhibited highest activation when the FM sound level fell 12 dB below scanner noise. This supports the previously suggested special involvement of this territory in foreground-background decomposition tasks. Overall, AC of the left hemisphere showed a stronger level-dependence of signal intensity and activated volume than the right hemisphere. But any side differences of signal intensity at given levels were lateralized to right AC. This might point to an involvement of the right hemisphere in more specific aspects of FM processing than level coding.