Silencing of subfamily I of protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunits results in activation of plant defense responses and localized cell death

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Abstract
The central importance of protein phosphorylation in plant defense responses has been demonstrated by the isolation of several disease‐resistance genes that encode protein kinases. In addition, there are many reports of changes in protein phosphorylation accompanying plant responses to pathogens. In contrast, little is known about the role of protein dephosphorylation in regulating plant defenses. We report that expression of the LePP2Ac1 gene, which encodes a catalytic subunit of the heterotrimeric protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac), is rapidly induced in resistant tomato leaves upon inoculation with an avirulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. By analysis of PP2Ac gene sequences from several plant species, we found that PP2Ac genes cluster into two subfamilies, with LePP2Ac1 belonging to subfamily I. Virus‐induced gene silencing (VIGS) in Nicotiana benthamiana was used to suppress expression of genes from subfamily I and not from subfamily II. The PP2Ac‐silenced plants had greatly decreased PP2A activity, constitutively expressed pathogenesis‐related (PR) genes, and developed localized cell death in stems and leaves. In addition, the plants were more resistant to a virulent strain of P. syringae pv. tabaci and showed an accelerated hypersensitive response (HR) to effector proteins from both P. syringae and the fungal pathogen, Cladosporium fulvum. Thus, catalytic subunits of PP2Ac subfamily I act as negative regulators of plant defense responses likely by de‐sensitizing protein phosphorylation cascades.