Programmed learning in medical education. An experimental comparison of programmed instruction by teaching machine with conventional lecturing in the teaching of electrocardiography to final year medical students

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Abstract
Summary: Programmed instruction in electrocardiography presented by a teaching machine produced results just as good as very carefully prepared lectures. For academically poorer students and for those whose native tongue was other than English, the programme was probably the more effective teaching method. In this experiment women appeared to learn better from lectures and men from the programme, but further study is required to confirm the generality of this result. The students reacted favourably to programmed instruction and to teaching machines and expressed their preference for these over conventional methods of learning.