Patterns of Abundance, Survivorship, and Fecundity of Nuculaspis tsugae (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on Tsuga Species in Japan in Relation to Elevation

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Abstract
Studies were conducted in Japan during 1984 to determine whether density, survivorship, and fecundity of Nuculaspis (formerly Tsugaspidiotus ) tsugae (Marlatt) on Tsuga diversifolia Masters and Tsuga sieboldii Carrieré vary within and beyond the natural distributions of these hosts along a gradient of elevation. Density and survivorship of scale nymphs and fecundity of adult females were significantly greater at the edges of the natural distribution of Tsuga than at the center, and significantly greater at a low-elevational cultivated site than at any of the natural montane sites. Hosts growing at the edge or beyond their natural range may have been under greater stress and, therefore, more susceptible to scale attack than those growing under more optimal conditions at the center of distribution.

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