Spatial association learning by rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus): Effects of relative spacing among stimuli.

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Abstract
Gestalt theory predicts that when cues are spatially separated from response locations, associative learning is faster when distance between cue-response location pairs is increased. This prediction was tested with 20 rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus), which learned to select rewarding feeders signaled by a spatially separated light cue in 4 treatments in which distance between cues and feeders and between cue-feeder pairs was varied. As has been shown for other animals, the hummingbirds learned more slowly when the distance between cues and feeders was increased, and as predicted by Gestalt theory, they learned faster at a given distance when distance between cue-feeder pairs was increased. This result suggests that spatial association is influenced by the proximity of other stimuli in the visual field.

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