II. Experiments and observations, tending to show the composition and properties of urinary concretions

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Abstract
U rinary concretions have obtained their denominations, like most other things, from their obvious properties. Accordingly, in our language, they are popularly known by the names Stone and Gravel, or Sand, from their resemblance to the states of earth so named : and we find names of the same import in other languages, such as λiθoς, (AREÆUS;) λiθiασiς, (CÆLIUS AURELIANUS;) ψαμμoς, (ARETÆUS;) λiθiδiα, (various authors;) Calculus , (Celsus and Pliny;) Sabulum , (various authors.) In other languages, and especially in those now spoken, it is unnecessary to notice names which have the same meaning. The notion very generally entertained, of the nature of urinary concretions, consisted with the terms, till the last twenty years; although the experiments of Slare, Frederic Hoffman, and Hales, long before showed that these substances commonly consist of animal matter.

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