Activation of transcription by two factors that bind promoter and enhancer sequences of the human metallothionein gene and SV40

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Abstract
Genetic analysis of eukaryotic transcriptional promoters has revealed that protein-coding genes often contain a complex array of cis-control elements consisting of upstream activator sequences and enhancer elements1–5. The metallothionein genes provide a useful example for dissecting the action of multiple interspersed control elements that govern both basal level and regulated expression in animal cells6–8. The human metallothionein (hMTIIA) promoter has been analysed in detail and found to contain no less than five distinct control elements in the 5' flanking regions of the gene that mediate specificity and regulation of transcription9,10 (Fig. 1). These different control elements can be functionally subdivided into two categories: basal and induced elements. There are several distinct basal recognition sequences, which include a TATA-box, a GC-box, and at least two basal level enhancer (BLE) sequences, that function like classical enhancer elements10–12. The hMTIIA gene also responds to induction by heavy metals and by steroid hormones through the action of metal regulatory elements (MRE) and glucocorticoid responsive elements (GRE)9. Here we report the identification of two cellular DNA-binding proteins that interact selectively with sequences governing the basal level expression of hMTIIA. One of these factors is a novel activator protein (API) that interacts with sequences in the BLE of hMTIIA and also binds to a site within the 72-base pair (bp) repeats of the simian virus 40 (SV40) enhancer region. The second protein has been purified to homogeneity and shown to be transcription factor Sp1 which recognizes and binds to a single GC-box element within the hMTIIA promoter.