At term the eye is at a relatively advanced stage of development, compared to rest of the period from 28 to 40 weeks gestation is one of particularly active growth. As by this time the very immature infant has altready been born, we have first reviewed ocular growth and then considered the effects certain aspects of the neonatal environment, such as light and temperature, may have on the developing visual sustem. Using a technique orientated approach we discussed the visual development of ‘normal’ preterm infants, and those who have suffered neurological damage. Finally we considered the incidence of acute and cicatricial retinopahty of prematurity, concluding with a brief discussion of certain aspects of the pathogenesis of this perplexing condition.