Active Transport by Membrane Vesicles from Anaerobically Grown Escherichia coli Energized by Electron Transfer to Ferricyanide and Chlorate

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Abstract
Active transport of amino acids by membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli, grown anaerobically on glucose in the presence of nitrate, can be energized under anaerobic conditions by electron transfer in the nitrate respiration system with formate as electron donor and nitrate as acceptor. A high rate of amino acid transport is also obtained under anaerobic conditions by electron transfer from formate to the nitrate analogue chlorate or to the membrane‐impermeable electron acceptor ferricyanide. Electron transfer from formate to nitrate results in the generation of an electrical potential as is indicated by the uptake of the lipophilic cation triphenylmethylphosphonium. Ferricyanide accepts electrons from at least two sites of the nitrate respiration system. One of these sites appears to be nitrate reductase, because cytochrome b, reduced by formate, is completely reoxidized by ferricyanide and glutamate transport energized by formate plus ferricyanide and formate plus nitrate are affected by the same electron transfer inhibitors. A second site of electron transfer to ferricyanide appears to be located prior to nitrate reductase in the nitrate respiration system, since formate is oxidized at a higher rate in the presence of ferricyanide than with nitrate while formate/ferricyanide energizes transport of amino acids at a lower rate than formate/nitrate. Moreover, electron transfer inhibitors block electron transfer from formate to nitrate to a significantly higher extent than from formate to ferricyanide. The effects of irradiation of the membrane vesicles with near ultra‐violet light suggest that quinones play an essential role in the electron transfer from formate to nitrate or ferricyanide. Irradiation blocks completely formate‐dependent nitrate and ferricyanide reduction and active transport driven by formate/nitrate and formate/ferricyanide, but has hardly any effect on the activity of formate dehydrogenase and on ascorbate/phenazine methosulphate/oxygen‐driven transport. Similar effects of ferricvanldc have been observed in membrane vesicles from E. coli, grown anaerobically in the presence of fumarate. In these membrane vesicles a high rate of lactose and triphenylmethylphosphonimm uptake under anaerobic conditions is obtained by electron transfer from glycerol 1‐phosphate to fumarate and also to ferricyanide and evidence has been presented for the involvement of cytochromes in these electron transfers.