Declining Immune Function in Children and Adolescents With Hemophilia and HIV Infection : Effects on Neuropsychological Performance

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Abstract
Objective : To determine whether declines in immune functioning are associated with changes in neuropsychological performance in children and adolescents with hemophilia who are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Methods : Participants were 333 males with hemophilia, ages 6-19 years at entry. A baseline and four annual neuropsychological evaluations were given. A longitudinal growth curves analysis of data was performed to detect changes associated with declining immune function. The cohort was stratified into four groups : (1) HIV- (n = 126) ; (2) HIV+, average of first two and last two CD4 counts ≥200, (n = 106 ; High CD4 group) ; (3) HIV+, average first two counts ≥200, average last two counts n = 41 ; CD4 Drop group) ; and (4) HIV+, average first two and last two counts n = 60 ; Low CD4 group). Results : There were significant differences among the four groups over time in nonverbal intelligence, perceptual/performance skills, nonverbal memory, academic achievement, and language. The Low CD4 group consistently showed the greatest decrement in performance. On measures showing a practice effect for repeated measurements, the Low CD4 group participants' scores remained stable over time, suggesting opposing effects of practice and HIV-related declines. Lowered academic performance relative to IQ was found in all groups. Conclusions : Declines in neuropsychological functioning are directly related to declines in immune functioning in HIV+ children, adolescents, and young adults with hemophilia. Hemophilia itself may be a risk factor for academic underachievement.