The Orientation of Untrained Pigeons: a Dichotomy in the Homing Process

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Abstract
It is demonstrated that young pigeons without any previous training show a definite homeward orientation at a distance, yet home very badly. The results are compared with those of birds with varying amounts of training. An essential dichotomy in the homing process is revealed, between the orientation process which is innate and the process of return which is governed by factors developed by individual experience. The further contrast between the unitary nature of the orientation process and the multiplicity of factors concerned in the return is supported by statistical consideration of the individual variation in ability. The practical and theoretical implications of these conclusions are considered.