Asymmetric Synthesis of α-Amino Acids Based on Carbon Radical Addition to Glyoxylic Oxime Ether

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Abstract
The first asymmetric synthesis of alpha-amino acids based on diastereoselective carbon radical addition to glyoxylic imine derivatives is reported. The addition of an isopropyl radical, generated from i-PrI, Bu(3)SnH, and Et(3)B in CH(2)Cl(2) at 25 degrees C, to achiral glyoxylic oxime ether 1 proceeded regioselectively at the imino carbon atom of the oxime ether group to give an excellent yield of the C-isopropylated product 2. The competitive reaction using glyoxylic oxime ether 1 and aldoxime ether 4 showed that the reactivity of the glyoxylic oxime ether toward nucleophilic carbon radicals was enhanced by the presence of a neighboring electron-withdrawing substituent. Thus, the alkyl radical addition to glyoxylic oxime ether 1 proceeded smoothly even at -78 degrees C, in contrast to the unactivated aldoxime ether 4. A high degree of stereocontrol in the carbon radical addition to the glyoxylic oxime ether was achieved by using Oppolzer's camphorsultam as a chiral auxiliary. The stannyl radical-mediated reaction of the camphorsultam derivative 6 with an isopropyl radical at -78 degrees C afforded a 96:4 diastereomeric mixture, 7a, of the C-isopropylated product. The reductive removal of the benzyloxy group of the major diastereomer (R)-7a, by treatment with Mo(CO)(6) and the subsequent removal of the sultam auxiliary by standard hydrolysis, afforded the enantiomerically pure D-valine (R)-12 without any loss of stereochemical purity. To evaluate the new methodology, a variety of alkyl radicals were employed in the addition reaction which gave the alkylated products 7 with excellent diastereoselectivity, allowing access to a wide range of enantiomerically pure natural and unnatural alpha-amino acids. Even in the absence of Bu(3)SnH, treatment of 6 with alkyl iodide and Et(3)B at 20 degrees C gave the C-alkylated products 7 with moderate diastereoselectivities. The use of Et(2)Zn as a radical initiator, instead of Et(3)B, was also effective for the radical reaction. The enantioselective isopropyl radical addition to 1 using (R)-(+)-2, 2'-isopropylidenebis(4-phenyl-2-oxazoline) and MgBr(2) gave excellent chemical yield of the valine derivative 2 in 52% ee.

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