Nesting Success and Orientation of Water Pipit Anthus spinoletta Nests

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Abstract
Water pipit A. spinoletta nests were mainly oriented toward northwest-northeast Nests that were oriented in the preferred direction had no greater nesting success than nests that were oriented toward the west-south-east. It is suggested that by orienting toward northwest-northeast, incubating females avoid the prevailing winds, possible drifting snow and the discomfort of being overheated by the sun.

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