Locomotion of neutrophil fragments occurs by graded radial extension

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Abstract
The only kinematic description of cell locomotion that relates the dynamics of actin filaments to whole cell movement is the graded radial extension (GRE) model for fish keratocytes, which glide without changing their shapes or sizes. To test whether the GRE model is applicable to other cell types, we analyzed the detailed shape changes during locomotion of heat-induced motile fragments of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). These fragments, called cytokineplasts, were loaded uniformly with a fluorescent cytoplasm-staining dye and their motility and shape changes were analyzed by fluorescence-video microscopy and digital image processing. Two-dimensional (2-D) analysis showed that cytokineplasts only changed their shapes and sizes slightly and apparently maintained their roughly circular shapes, whereas fluorescence-intensity analysis revealed distinct changes in their cytoplasmic thickness profiles. Furthermore, small structures on the cytoplasmic margins behaved as predicted by the GRE model, which therefore is probably also applicable to the parental PMNs, which show complex shape changes. This is the first indication that the GRE model operates in non-fish-keratocyte cells and may, therefore, be a universal model of cell locomotion.