Abstract
Alumina, from the Latin alumen (substance with as-tringent taste), constitutes nearly 8 per cent of the earth's crust. It is the most plentiful of rhetals and, of all elements, is exceeded in abundance only by oxygen and silicon. Alumina does not occur naturally in the metallic state; however, in combination with other elements, it is widely distributed in rocks, clay, and soils in the form of gems such as ruby, sapphire, and turquoise, and in minerals of industrial importance such as alum, bauxite, cryolite, corundum, and kaolin. Although aluminum was not isolated until 1825, alum (hydrated aluminum sulfate) has been . . .