The Pinning Frequency of Type II Superconductors

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Abstract
Calorimetric measurements of the surface resistance of niobium and alloy superconductors in the mixed state show at which frequency flux-pinning ceases to be the dominant factor in determining the electromagnetic response. It is found that the band of frequencies in which pinning is important depends very markedly on the metallurgical state of the specimen and may be much smaller than has previously been supposed. A phenomenological model is developed in the light of which these and other experimental results are discussed. It is also shown how the Hall effect in the mixed state is being studied in the frequency range where pinning is relatively unimportant.

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