The Quest of Influenza A Viruses for New Hosts
- 1 September 2003
- journal article
- Published by American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) in Avian Diseases
- Vol. 47 (s3) , 849-856
- https://doi.org/10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.849
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that stable lineages of influenza viruses are being established in chickens. H9N2 viruses are established in chickens in Eurasia, and there are increasing reports of H3N2, H6N1, and H6N2 influenza viruses in chickens both in Asia and North America. Surveillance in a live poultry market in Nanchang, South Central China, reveals that influenza viruses were isolated form 1% of fecal samples taken from healthy poultry over the course of 16 months. The highest isolation rates were from chickens (1.3%) and ducks (1.2%), followed by quail (0.8%), then pigeon (0.5%). H3N6, H9N2, H2N9, and H4N6 viruses were isolated from multiple samples, while single isolates of H1N1, H3N2, and H3N3 viruses were made. Representatives of each virus subtype were experimentally inoculated into both quail and chickens. All the viruses replicated in the trachea of quail, but efficient replication in chickens was confined to 25% of the tested isolates. In quail, these viruses were shed primarily by the aerosol route, raising the possibility that quail may be the “route modulator” that changes the route of transmission of influenza viruses from fecal–oral to aerosol transmission. Thus, quail may play an important role in the natural history of influenza viruses. The pros and cons of the use of inactivated and recombinant fowl pox–influenza vaccines to control the spread of avian influenza are also evaluated. Búsqueda de Nuevos Huéspedes para el Virus de Influenza Tipo A. Se observa un aumento en la evidencia del establecimiento de linajes estables del virus de influenza en pollos. Los virus H9N2 se han establecido en pollos de Eurasia y existen cada vez mas reportes de la presencia de virus de influenza H3N2, H6N1 y H6N2 en pollos de Asia y América del Norte. La vigilancia en un centro de mercadeo de aves vivas en Nanchang, en la región sur del centro de China, revela que los virus de influenza fueron aislados a partir del 1% de las muestras fecales obtenidas de aves domésticas sanas durante un período de 16 meses. Los mayores índices de aislamiento fueron obtenidos a partir de pollos (1.3%) y patos (1.2%), seguidos por aislamientos en codornices (0.8%) y palomas (0.5%). Se aislaron los virus H3N6, H9N2, H2N9 y H4N6 a partir de muestras múltiples, mientras que se obtuvieron aislamientos individuales de los virus H1N1, H3N2 y H3N3. Se inocularon experimentalmente virus representativos de cada uno de los subtipos en codornices y en pollos. Todos los virus se replicaron en las tráqueas de las codornices, pero únicamente el 25% de los aislamientos ensayados mostró una replicación eficiente en pollos. En codornices, estos virus fueron eliminados principalmente por vía aérea, aumentando la posibilidad de que las codornices puedan ser la ruta moduladora en el cambio de la ruta de transmisión de los virus de influenza aviar de una transmisión fecal-oral a una aérea. Por lo tanto, las codornices pueden desempeñar un papel importante en la historia natural de los virus de influenza. Se evalúan las ventajas y desventajas del uso de la vacuna inactivada de influenza aviar y de la vacuna recombinante poxvirus-influenza. Abbreviations: EID50 = mean embryo infective dose, HA = hemagglutinin, NDV = Newcastle disease virusKeywords
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